The Gates of Europe: A History of Ukraine
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- Create Date：2022-03-04 06:54:21
- Update Date：2025-09-06
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- Author：Serhii Plokhy
- ISBN：1541675649
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Summary
This definitive history of Ukraine is “an exemplary account of Europe’s least-known large country。” （Wall Street Journal）
As Ukraine is embroiled in an ongoing struggle with Russia to preserve its territorial integrity and political independence， celebrated historian Serhii Plokhy explains that today’s crisis is a case of history repeating itself: the Ukrainian conflict is only the latest in a long history of turmoil over Ukraine’s sovereignty。 Situated between Central Europe， Russia， and the Middle East， Ukraine has been shaped by empires that exploited the nation as a strategic gateway between East and West—from the Romans and Ottomans to the Third Reich and the Soviet Union。 In The Gates of Europe， Plokhy examines Ukraine’s search for its identity through the lives of major Ukrainian historical figures， from its heroes to its conquerors。
This revised edition includes new material that brings this definitive history up to the present。 As Ukraine once again finds itself at the center of global attention， Plokhy brings its history to vivid life as he connects the nation’s past with its present and future。
As Ukraine is embroiled in an ongoing struggle with Russia to preserve its territorial integrity and political independence， celebrated historian Serhii Plokhy explains that today’s crisis is a case of history repeating itself: the Ukrainian conflict is only the latest in a long history of turmoil over Ukraine’s sovereignty。 Situated between Central Europe， Russia， and the Middle East， Ukraine has been shaped by empires that exploited the nation as a strategic gateway between East and West—from the Romans and Ottomans to the Third Reich and the Soviet Union。 In The Gates of Europe， Plokhy examines Ukraine’s search for its identity through the lives of major Ukrainian historical figures， from its heroes to its conquerors。
This revised edition includes new material that brings this definitive history up to the present。 As Ukraine once again finds itself at the center of global attention， Plokhy brings its history to vivid life as he connects the nation’s past with its present and future。
Reviews
Lauren
，
Excellent introduction to the history of Ukraine。 It was engaging and accessible。So much of it just washed over me， as I realize I have very， very little knowledge or understanding of this part of the world。 BUT I'm glad I listened to it， and even if I retained very， very little of the specifics of what I read， I at least now have some sense of Ukraine。 I'm moving on to Plokhy's book on Chernobyl。 I watched the amazing HBO series on it and feel like I should be well primed to at least understand Excellent introduction to the history of Ukraine。 It was engaging and accessible。So much of it just washed over me， as I realize I have very， very little knowledge or understanding of this part of the world。 BUT I'm glad I listened to it， and even if I retained very， very little of the specifics of what I read， I at least now have some sense of Ukraine。 I'm moving on to Plokhy's book on Chernobyl。 I watched the amazing HBO series on it and feel like I should be well primed to at least understand this one！Also， I know this is obvious， but the history of the peoples and nations in Europe/Asia is old and complex。 This is striking to me as an American。 Because the European conquerors of the United States nearly decimated the indigenous population and we have lost so much of their history， the widely-known， studied geopolitical history of the U。S。 is a much shorter story than that of a country like Ukraine。 。。。more
傑瑞米愛吃糖
，
俄烏今日衝突之根源還需回溯這片名曰「羅斯」之地兩千年的歷史方能尋得答案。
Trista
，
Valuable history and insight into how we got to this moment of Ukrainian defiance against Russian invasion。 The epilogue is sadly prescient。
Vivian
，
“Ukraine has not yet perished。。 “ The first line from the Ukrainian national anthem is a somber reflection of the country’s struggling past under invasions， imperialism， and wars。 Yet its hope for independence and democracy has been repeatedly derailed by external interference and internal instabilities。 Just last week Ukraine was again thrust into international spotlight in face of unlawful Russian invasion。 “The Gates of Europe is the essential guide to understanding not just Ukraine’s past bu “Ukraine has not yet perished。。 “ The first line from the Ukrainian national anthem is a somber reflection of the country’s struggling past under invasions， imperialism， and wars。 Yet its hope for independence and democracy has been repeatedly derailed by external interference and internal instabilities。 Just last week Ukraine was again thrust into international spotlight in face of unlawful Russian invasion。 “The Gates of Europe is the essential guide to understanding not just Ukraine’s past but also its future。” It was a challenge for me to read as the more distant history of the area was completely unknown to me and there were a lot of knowledge gaps to fill。 But the last few chapters starting with the collapse of Soviet Union offer much clarity and insights into the the evolution of Ukraine as an independent nation in the past 30 years and Putin’s ambition to reestablish Russia’s political and military control in the former imperial space long after it was lost。 Highly recommend to anyone who wants to understand the current situation and learn more about Ukraine’s intertwined history with Russia。 The epilogue - the Meanings of History - was especially well written that I can’t stop quoting:“History has been used and abused more than once in the Ukraine Crisis， informing and inspiring its participants but also justifying violations of international law， human rights， and the right to itself。 The Russo-Ukrainian conflict， while arising unexpectedly and taking many of those involved by surprise， has deep historical roots and is replete with historical references and allusions。”“The collapse of the Soviet Union left Russian elites bitter about their loss of imperial and superpower status， nourishing illusions that what had happened was an accident brought about by the ill will of the West or by politicians like Mikhail Gorbachev and Boris Yeltsin bickering for power。 Such a view of the end of the Soviet Union makes it hard to resist the temptation to rewrite history。” 。。。more
Clare Boucher
，
Pretty much the definitive history of Ukraine for the English-speaking general reader。 It’s a tough challenge to cover the Scythians to Putin’s annexation of Crimea in under 400 pages， and there are times where the details can be confusing， but this is an excellent introduction。
Umar Lee
，
I think this is a very important read right now given the Russian invasion of Ukraine and the prominence of this issue in our news cycle。 I read this book fairly quickly and admittedly wondered at times; but it gives the reader a basic fundamental grasp of Ukrainian identity and history， previous wars and conflict， language， religion， the various empires that ruled parts of Ukraine， the tragedy of the Soviet Era， and the complexities of the post-Soviet era most especially in regards to relations I think this is a very important read right now given the Russian invasion of Ukraine and the prominence of this issue in our news cycle。 I read this book fairly quickly and admittedly wondered at times; but it gives the reader a basic fundamental grasp of Ukrainian identity and history， previous wars and conflict， language， religion， the various empires that ruled parts of Ukraine， the tragedy of the Soviet Era， and the complexities of the post-Soviet era most especially in regards to relations with Russia。 4。0， perhaps 4。25， but I feel I need to read a few more books on Ukraine and listen to some academic lectures to get me where I'd like to be in terms of knowledge。 There were a few parts of this book that seemed a little rushed。 。。。more
Jarl Branting
，
I haven't read this book， but it deserves 5 stars solely because of its topic。 It becomes very relevant looking at today's situation。 I haven't read this book， but it deserves 5 stars solely because of its topic。 It becomes very relevant looking at today's situation。 。。。more
Michael Xenos
，
Very informative albeit a tad dry due to the granularity。
Matthew Barmack
，
A surprisingly readable survey of Ukrainian history。 History buffs may find it a bit superficial but it was perfect for me。 What a troubled part of the world。 Seems like it has been subject to violent conflict between Vikings， Poles， Russians， Mongols， Germans， Turks， etc。 for essentially its entire history。 I can't even begin to understand the tragedy that this country has experienced in the 20th century alone， including millions of deaths due to famine under both Stalin and Kruschev and bearin A surprisingly readable survey of Ukrainian history。 History buffs may find it a bit superficial but it was perfect for me。 What a troubled part of the world。 Seems like it has been subject to violent conflict between Vikings， Poles， Russians， Mongols， Germans， Turks， etc。 for essentially its entire history。 I can't even begin to understand the tragedy that this country has experienced in the 20th century alone， including millions of deaths due to famine under both Stalin and Kruschev and bearing the brunt of the Holocaust， not to mention the millions of military and civilian casualties that Russians and Ukrainians suffered fighting the Germans in both world wars。 Definitely puts recent conflicts between Russia and Ukraine in perspective， e。g。， the Duchy of Muscovy， which became Russia， was essentially a remote province of Kyvian Rus （the early Ukraine）。 Conversely， many parts of Crimea and southeastern Ukraine were relatively undeveloped until Stalin promoted heavy industry there in the early 20th century。 Fascinating but overall doesn't make me too optimistic about this part of the world （and relieved that some of my forebears left a long time ago）。 。。。more
Andrii Borovyi
，
Через десять днів після того， як країна Рад прощалась з Леонідом Іллічем Брєжнєвим， на світ народився я。 Навряд чи то була досить примітна подія з точки зору цілої країни， однак мене вона цілком влаштовувала， і маленький Андрійко дивився на світ допитливими очима。 Пригадую， що десь років через вісім-десять， уже за часів незалежної України， потрапила мені до рук перша книжечка "Історія України для дітей" Антіна Лотоцького。 Не надто груба， але вона давала базові знання про те， звідки з'явились укр Через десять днів після того， як країна Рад прощалась з Леонідом Іллічем Брєжнєвим， на світ народився я。 Навряд чи то була досить примітна подія з точки зору цілої країни， однак мене вона цілком влаштовувала， і маленький Андрійко дивився на світ допитливими очима。 Пригадую， що десь років через вісім-десять， уже за часів незалежної України， потрапила мені до рук перша книжечка "Історія України для дітей" Антіна Лотоцького。 Не надто груба， але вона давала базові знання про те， звідки з'явились українці і яка доля їх чекала。 Десь схожі відчуття， які я отримував в своєму дитинстві - з'явилися і зараз。 Не зважаючи на те， що я свого часу штудіював і Ореста Субтельного， і Миколу Аркаса， і Михайла Грушевського， і Наталію Полонську-Василенко， і， останні кілька років， зачитувався Історією України від Діда Свирида， лише ця книжка спромоглася на такі почуття。Отже， в мене на руках друге видання цієї книжки （а уже є третє з новим розділом і з виправленими одруківками）， яке починається з Геродота。 Зрештою， книжки про Україну рідко коли починаються не з Геродота。 Якщо не брати до увагу шкільні підручники， у яких древні українці прийшли на ці землі ще 40 тисяч років тому。 І тому， відгук на книжку， яка намагається вчергове розказати історію України， писати досить складно， бо ж усі вони про одне й те ж саме。 Наче як。 Тим не менш， у даній роботі автор дає досить поверховий огляд головних подій， однак， він це виписує， вириваючи Україну з ізольованої сфери， а радше подає інформацію про те， як європейські події впливали на нас， а ми - відповідно на європейські події。 Такий підхід себе досить добре вплітає нас в контекст європейської історії， проте зворотньою стороною є те， що історія подається грубими мазками。 Безумовно， кожна з тих подій， про яку розказує автор - може розписуватися значно більше， і в якісь моменти мені справді не вистачало ланцюжка "причина-наслідок"， і доводилися лізти в Ґуґл чи Вікіпедію щоб зрозуміти більш детально про що власне йдеться， і чому воно відбулося саме так， як відбулося。Зрештою， це не академічне видання， а радше науково-популярне， а тому автор розкладає цілий ряд українських міфів та усталених образів， що було для мене додатковою насолодою。 А ще， підкидає цікаві факти на "подумати"， як от "де знаходиться тіло Ярослава Мудрого"， "що не так з образом козака-вершника"， "який стосунок мають галичани до становлення московського патріархату"， "звідки взялась думка про антисемітизм українців"， "яка роль українців у окупації кримського півострову"， "що не так з твердженням "потьомкінські села""， "чому саме полтавська говірка стала основою сучасної української мови" тощо。 Так， ці питання я сформулював для себе на основі викладу автора， і відповіді далеко не такі очевидні， якими можуть здаватися。 Однак всі вони підводять до того， що наша історія настільки цікава， захоплююча та неймовірна， що будь-які байки про викопане море， вождя антів-гунів-українців Атіллу-Гатила， золото Полуботка， першу в світі конституцію， другу за милозвучністю мову на конкурсі іноземних мов - є просто байками з метою сховати справжнє。 Те， що треба знати， і те， чим， з того， що ми знаємо варто гордитися。Особисто для себе， я трішки більше прояснив історію Радянського Союзу і роль українців в ньому。 Реальну роль， а не вигадану。 Про те， що українці керували Радянським союзом （той же Леонід Брєжнєв） чи те， що українці були дотичними до керівництва （про дружину Хрущова всі знають， а про те， що Горбачов - має українське коріння？）。 Про те， що керівництво УРСР намагалося відвернути першотравневу маніфестацію після вибуху на Чорнобилі， а через кілька років керівник ЦК УРСР Володимир Щербицький - наклав на себе руки， і став другим самовбивцею серед вищого керівництва УРСР після Миколи Скрипника。 Про те， що після росіян， наступними в космос полетіли українці。 І таких моментів є справді дуже багато， а люди， прізвища яких я чув， однак які не справляли на мене жодного враження， раптом постали в іншому світлі。Окремим бонусом є те， що автор не падає в канву української журби і пише власне історію України， а не історію злиденного народу， який журиться， а всі з нього лиш знущаються， і наживаються на його бідах， скорботах та нещастях。 Ця книжка про історію народу з його злетами і падіннями у всі віки。 Без пієту， без виділення більшого простору для окремих тем。 В цьому - вона досить суха і нещадна。 І це справді та книжка， яку я буду перечитувати， бо точно десь щось пропустив。Одна лиш річ， яка мене засмутила - це досить дивно оформлений перелік джерел до розділів。 Література до розділу подається в один абзац， і в такому вигляді нею дуже складно користуватися。 І звісно， хотілося б в межах самої книжки теж посилання на цю літературу， щоб у випадку спірних або незрозумілих моментів знати куди дивитися。 А， і ще одруківки。 Але потім я відключив в себе перевірку орфографії， і виявив， що теж пишу не краще :）Тому за виклад матеріалу - 10 балів， за оформлення - 9。 。。。more
Zac
，
8/10
Sarah
，
I picked a good time to read this。 Russia has been trying for 4 centuries， and often succeeding， in laying claim to Ukraine。 It’s a “this happened and then this happened”sort of history book， which gives you a good timeline but not a lot of juice。 Still， you get an appreciation for all the turmoil the people of Ukraine have endured。 And often not survived - like the 4 million who died of starvation during Stalin’s time。 I only remember one woman being mentioned in the 368 pages - Catherine the G I picked a good time to read this。 Russia has been trying for 4 centuries， and often succeeding， in laying claim to Ukraine。 It’s a “this happened and then this happened”sort of history book， which gives you a good timeline but not a lot of juice。 Still， you get an appreciation for all the turmoil the people of Ukraine have endured。 And often not survived - like the 4 million who died of starvation during Stalin’s time。 I only remember one woman being mentioned in the 368 pages - Catherine the Great of Russia。 。。。more
Drew
，
It would have been interesting at any time， but the current situation added interest and urgency to reading it。 Highly recommended if you want to try to understand what’s going on in Ukraine in a broader historical context。
Andreea Borz
，
I'm giving 2 stars only because of the abundance of information and the good documentation。 But， other than that， I think the author is at least subjective when it comes to the importance of Ukraine， overestimating its role throughout the history。 I think one can also perceive the nationalist hostility towards Russia， as they aren't considered the legit rulers of the land that was once dominated by the kievan rus'。 Bottom line， I think one can find a lot of interesting details， but I would take I'm giving 2 stars only because of the abundance of information and the good documentation。 But， other than that， I think the author is at least subjective when it comes to the importance of Ukraine， overestimating its role throughout the history。 I think one can also perceive the nationalist hostility towards Russia， as they aren't considered the legit rulers of the land that was once dominated by the kievan rus'。 Bottom line， I think one can find a lot of interesting details， but I would take everything with a grain of salt。 。。。more
Nienke
，
Very interesting and detailed account of Ukrainian history。Would have given three stars， threw in one more for the amazing research that must have gone into this book。The level of detail was too much in the first part， with several historical figures introduced every page， so many that two pages later some were already forgotten。For those who， like me， are most interested in the historical background of the Ukrainian Russian tensions， they can easily start the book at part III。 Only remaining qu Very interesting and detailed account of Ukrainian history。Would have given three stars， threw in one more for the amazing research that must have gone into this book。The level of detail was too much in the first part， with several historical figures introduced every page， so many that two pages later some were already forgotten。For those who， like me， are most interested in the historical background of the Ukrainian Russian tensions， they can easily start the book at part III。 Only remaining questions after having finished this book are now:- Why are Ukrainians beyond fond of mayonaise？- And is the theses that the hysterically glitzy television is an escape from harsh reality true？Apart from that， all things Ukrainian are now much better understood。 。。。more
Andrew Cooper
，
I just finished this amazing and comprehensive history of Ukraine and it is an educational and timely read for my first book of 2022。 Serhii Plokhy chronicles the journey of Ukraine from ~1000AD through the Maidan Revolution in 2014 and up to today。 A great read for any fan of European History！Contrary to what modern textbooks may infer， Ukraine has existed long before the USSR and even before Russia。 And yet this history is very relevant today。 In 1880 Ukrainian leader Mykhailo Drahomanov envis I just finished this amazing and comprehensive history of Ukraine and it is an educational and timely read for my first book of 2022。 Serhii Plokhy chronicles the journey of Ukraine from ~1000AD through the Maidan Revolution in 2014 and up to today。 A great read for any fan of European History！Contrary to what modern textbooks may infer， Ukraine has existed long before the USSR and even before Russia。 And yet this history is very relevant today。 In 1880 Ukrainian leader Mykhailo Drahomanov envisioned a European Federation， which would include an independent Ukraine。 This federation did actually form 70 years later as the EU。Plokhy shows how throughout over 1000 years， Ukraine has always deserved to chart her own path and decide her independent future。 And today if that means joining NATO and the EU， then the ballot boxes in Kyiv will determine that course， not any other nation。 。。。more
Laura N
，
There is a ton of detailed information in this book！ It took me quite a while to finish it。 Well researched。
Iryna
，
Книга описує факти， більшість яких відома ще зі шкільної програми， однак значно краще простежує причиново-наслідкові звʼязки， міжнародний контекст， настрої， ідеології。 Якщо хочеться цілісної логічної "картинки" української історії - це саме те， що треба。Не можу не зазначити， що український переклад Клубу сімейного дозвілля - це просто сором。 Помилки й мимодруки починаються вже в першому абзаці передмови і трапляються по всьому тексту: пропущені літери і навіть слова， неузгоджені відмінки， костру Книга описує факти， більшість яких відома ще зі шкільної програми， однак значно краще простежує причиново-наслідкові звʼязки， міжнародний контекст， настрої， ідеології。 Якщо хочеться цілісної логічної "картинки" української історії - це саме те， що треба。Не можу не зазначити， що український переклад Клубу сімейного дозвілля - це просто сором。 Помилки й мимодруки починаються вже в першому абзаці передмови і трапляються по всьому тексту: пропущені літери і навіть слова， неузгоджені відмінки， кострубаті конструкції （дослівно перекладені з англійської， вочевидь） і просто поганий вибір слів。 КСД відомий таким нехлюйством， звісно， але у виданні важливої книги з історії України воно особливо вражає。 。。。more
Chase Metcalf
，
Listened to this book and learned a lot about the origins of Ukraine。 Well worth reading if one wants deeper understanding of historical foundations of Russia-Ukraine relationship。
Ганна Кузьо
，
Я тепер розумію， чому історію погано знала і завжди уникала всього історичного - фільмів， книг， розмов。 Бо історія України - це невимовно боляче та несправедливо。Рада， що все ж прочитала "Браму。。。"， залишки шкільних знань з уроків історії та спорадичних історичних фактів та статей， які я дотепер не часто й не регулярно споживаю， якось нарешті систематизувалися。 Ну я не скажу， що прямо можу вам розповісти від А до Я про історію України， але маю для себе особисте її розуміння。 Вважаю， що кожен сві Я тепер розумію， чому історію погано знала і завжди уникала всього історичного - фільмів， книг， розмов。 Бо історія України - це невимовно боляче та несправедливо。Рада， що все ж прочитала "Браму。。。"， залишки шкільних знань з уроків історії та спорадичних історичних фактів та статей， які я дотепер не часто й не регулярно споживаю， якось нарешті систематизувалися。 Ну я не скажу， що прямо можу вам розповісти від А до Я про історію України， але маю для себе особисте її розуміння。 Вважаю， що кожен свідомий українець має вибудувати власне розуміння історії з історичних джерел。 Всі вони суб'єктивні， так， але все ж книга від історика є кращим джерелом， ніж статті в медіа （за вийнятком статей від істориків）。 А історією України так маніпулють， особливо зараз。Про книгу: написана досить цікаво， наскільки це можливо взагалі。 Читати важко。 На початку з часів скіфів， Київської Русі все було добре， адже це було дуже давно й особливо болісних проблем не було。 А от сучасніша історія ішла складно。 Трохи я заплуталася в періоді козаччини， не було терпіння вникати в перепетії， але зрештою， важливі історичні віхи тоді закладалися й багато проблем саме відтоді тягнуться。 Цікаво було читати про 19-20 століття， але дуже болісно。 Всі ці поділи України з боку войовничих імперій і жевріюча боротьба за ідентичність та незалежність поміж них。。。 Коли дійшла мова до другої Світової війни та повоєнного періоду， я взагалі читала， ледь не затамувавши подих。 Хоча автор не драматизує， але драматичними були ті події самі по собі。 Дяка автору за вплетення цікавих не банальних фактів про таких персон， як Костюшко， Хрущов， Горбачов та багато інших。 Останній розділ стосується періоду незалежності України。 Цікаво читати про події， які відбулися за мого життя у викладі історика。 Воно якось спокійніше сприймається。 Дуже рекомендую цю книгу і дякую автору！ 。。。more
Ianis Ilinescu
，
4，5 stars
Marcel Wilnicki
，
a very well written and well structured history of Ukraine， it covers each topic just with adequate amount of attention to keep the reader entertained。 It also succeeded in relating to historical events in a way as to understand the current social and political issues of Ukrainians。 It was a very good introductory read。
Gojee Berry
，
This review has been hidden because it contains spoilers。 To view it， click here。 "A lively narrative peopled with a colorful cast of Norse and Mongol marauders， free-booting Cossacks， kings，conquerors， and dictators， and conflicted nineteenth-century intellectuals who believed fervently in a Ukrainiancultural identity but were fatally divided as to how that cultural identity could evolve into national entity。" "A lively narrative peopled with a colorful cast of Norse and Mongol marauders， free-booting Cossacks， kings，conquerors， and dictators， and conflicted nineteenth-century intellectuals who believed fervently in a Ukrainiancultural identity but were fatally divided as to how that cultural identity could evolve into national entity。" 。。。more
Mallory
，
This book was recommended on Reddit for being a good overview of Ukrainian and Eastern European history overall。 I have to say I agree， it seems like every random fact I knew about the region was mentioned within these pages from Queen Jadwiga of Poland， whom we named our cat， to the famous Roxelana， or Hurren Sultan who was the beloved wife of Suliman the Magnificent to Nestor Makhno， the anarchist and the namesake of Makhnovshchina to the UPA which collaborated with the Nazis， all made its way This book was recommended on Reddit for being a good overview of Ukrainian and Eastern European history overall。 I have to say I agree， it seems like every random fact I knew about the region was mentioned within these pages from Queen Jadwiga of Poland， whom we named our cat， to the famous Roxelana， or Hurren Sultan who was the beloved wife of Suliman the Magnificent to Nestor Makhno， the anarchist and the namesake of Makhnovshchina to the UPA which collaborated with the Nazis， all made its way into the text and so much more。 Well researched and lovingly written， I share the authors hope for brighter days for Ukraine ahead as a strong and united country。 。。。more
achen
，
- 這是一本相當不錯的烏克蘭歷史入門書。除了第一卷讀來有點悶，後面真是越讀越精彩，尤其第四卷闡述世界大戰時期的烏克蘭真的看得手不釋卷呀。- 在讀此書之前，我對烏克蘭只有構不成認識的碎片印象。讀完之後，覺得烏克蘭的歷史文化民族政治背景等太複雜了，獨立了三十年，內憂外患不停，國家前進舉步維艱，其中又以跟俄羅斯的衝突最為艱難。而這兩個國家之間的歷史聯係緊密又複雜，覺得自己接下來，還必須去找俄羅斯歷史來讀讀。
Alex Liannoy
，
Напевно цю книгу варто ввести в шкільну програму замість нудних підручників。Більше шансів， що учні щось винесуть。
Olena Severin
，
Книжка， яку читала довго і в кілька заходів。 Книжка， яку варто читати， навіть коли вам здається， що наче непогано знаєте історію。 Книжка， яку я дам почитати своєму татові， з яким у мене час від часу стаються ідеологічні батли （бо ми в школі вчили різні історії）。 Вона чимало ставить на свої місця， чимало прояснює і наближує відомі з підручників портрети до нинішніх реалій。 І найголовніше - показує， чому ж Україна - це брама Європи， а тому боротьба за неї триватиме якщо не завжди， то ще дуже довго Книжка， яку читала довго і в кілька заходів。 Книжка， яку варто читати， навіть коли вам здається， що наче непогано знаєте історію。 Книжка， яку я дам почитати своєму татові， з яким у мене час від часу стаються ідеологічні батли （бо ми в школі вчили різні історії）。 Вона чимало ставить на свої місця， чимало прояснює і наближує відомі з підручників портрети до нинішніх реалій。 І найголовніше - показує， чому ж Україна - це брама Європи， а тому боротьба за неї триватиме якщо не завжди， то ще дуже довго， насамперед у головах самих же українців。 。。。more
Miranda Krause-Chivers
，
A comprehensive text on the history of Ukraine。 It's everything you want to know about the complicated dynamics of a country that is constantly in the middle of a tug of war between those who wish to pull it apart and keep the bread for themselves。 And in the middle rises a staunch， defiant people who are learning to say no and finding a way to protect their borders。 They're like the emotionally abused child who is constantly yanked between arguing parents who can't decide what they want。 But no A comprehensive text on the history of Ukraine。 It's everything you want to know about the complicated dynamics of a country that is constantly in the middle of a tug of war between those who wish to pull it apart and keep the bread for themselves。 And in the middle rises a staunch， defiant people who are learning to say no and finding a way to protect their borders。 They're like the emotionally abused child who is constantly yanked between arguing parents who can't decide what they want。 But no one wants the child to be happy either。 Eventually， the child says enough。 I'm grown up now。 I'll do it myself。 Way to go。 。。。more
吕晓晓 Chinese
，
Thirty years of Ukraine’s independence have been full of frustrations， corruption， the loss of Crimea， and the privatization reform halfway through。 Probably it was God who had mercy on the people of this land， so he sent a comedy star to be the president to adjust his bitter and heavy life。 In the second round of elections on April 21， actor Zelensky won an overwhelming 73。7% of votes and was elected as the new president。 Anyone with a little bit of political knowledge can see that voters do no Thirty years of Ukraine’s independence have been full of frustrations， corruption， the loss of Crimea， and the privatization reform halfway through。 Probably it was God who had mercy on the people of this land， so he sent a comedy star to be the president to adjust his bitter and heavy life。 In the second round of elections on April 21， actor Zelensky won an overwhelming 73。7% of votes and was elected as the new president。 Anyone with a little bit of political knowledge can see that voters do not particularly support Zelensky， but particularly hate the golden power politics of his predecessor Poroshenko。 After the drastic changes in the 1990s， the countries in the Soviet-Eastern camp were divided into two categories: part of the transition was successful and embarked on the broad road of capitalist democracy; the other part of reform stagnated， capitalism was deformed into a monopoly by the oligarchy， and democracy showed a Weimar-style republican chaos。 Elephant。 Although the neo-authoritarian Russia did not achieve the prosperity of the former， it at least avoided the turmoil of the latter。 Putin canonized the last king Nicholas and overturned the White Guard generals。 He recognized the legitimacy of the February interim government， but did not completely deny the Soviet Union， restored the Stalinist national anthem， and bridged the ideological differences of various factions as much as possible。 The Kremlin raised the double-headed eagle flag as a symbol of the old empire。 The authorities have integrated Orthodox conservatism， Westernized market economy， Soviet-style KGB governance， and constructed the Russian version of the "three unifications"。 Looking forward to national rejuvenation， it has become the largest consensus of the whole society。 Ukraine lacks cross-class consensus。 The two centrifugal forces of eastward and westward have torn up this new country。 The pro-Russian faction advocates returning to the pan-Slavic family under Putin's enlightenment; the Westernizers tried to join the EU and NATO， and did not hesitate to offend the east。 Strong neighbors are ready for economic suffering。 If they coveted Pharaoh's meat pot， then the ancient Israelis would not leave Egypt。 "The Gate of Europe" tells the story of the Ukrainians leaving Russia。 Russian-Ukrainian family？ The pro-Russian faction sincerely believes that friendship with Russia is not only related to interests， but also emotionally fettered。 The Yalta Conference， which divided the world by the victorious countries of World War II， took place in Ukraine。 The main battle of the Tsar against the pagan Turks took place in Ukraine。 Most of the Jewish atrocities in the monarchy era took place in Ukraine。 This was also the largest source of anti-Semitism in Europe before the rise of the Nazis。 ， Ukraine’s glory and shame have been attributed to Russia by the world。 The top leaders of the Soviet Union Khrushchev and Brezhnev came from Ukraine。 In the Anti-German War， one out of every five Soviet soldiers was a Ukrainian。 Similarly， in the previous revolutions of 1848， 1905， and 1918， most of the Cossack soldiers who were the forerunners of the king and used lashes to beat the insurgents were from Ukraine。 The close connection between Russia/Soviet Union and Ukraine is also reflected in the spiritual world: novelist Gogol is Ukrainian， painter Repin is Ukrainian， "Cavalry Army" author Babel is Ukrainian， "How Steel is Made" The author Ostrovsky is still Ukrainian。 The Russian nation's search for religious roots bypassed the Grand Duchy of Moscow and directly traced back to the baptism of Grand Duke Vladimir of Kievan Rus in 988 AD。 An Orthodox priest in Tsarist Russia made a metaphor: Russia， Belarus， and Ukraine form a holy trinity， as inseparable as the Father， Son， and Holy Spirit of Christ。 In order to win over the hearts of the people， the atheist Soviet government organized the 1，000-year anniversary of the baptism of Kiev and reopened the church building。 In 1654， the father of the Ukrainian nation， Geitman （called the leader of the Cossacks） Khmelnitsky signed an agreement with Alexei I， surrendering allegiance。 Since then， Romanov’s official historians have enthusiastically promoted that the two ethnic groups have been brothers of the same language and species since ancient times。 Since the demise of Kievan Rus， Ukrainians have been ravaged by Asian Mongols， Catholic Poland， and Ottoman Muslims， and finally returned to The homeland of the Orthodox compatriots。 The Marxists in the Soviet Union accepted this narrative model of national construction， but removed the core concept of religious war and replaced it with class struggle。 Hermelnicki led the people to resist the oppression of the Polish aristocratic landlords and won the "War of the People's Liberation of Ukraine。" In 1954， the Khrushchev government solemnly commemorated the 300th anniversary of the merger of Ukraine and Russia。 The Russians and Ukrainians sang "The Unbreakable Alliance" to celebrate the friendship of the fraternal nations。 However， the alliance broke up after all， and the red flag landed in the Kremlin。 The original of the agreement signed by Khmelnitsky was hidden in the historical archives。 Yeltsin found it and sent a copy to Kiev。 The world was surprised to find that the agreement was only a loose alliance， not a "Russian-Ukraine merger" treaty。 Hemelnitsky originally planned to bond with Osman， but the other party did not agree， so he turned to the czar。 His successor， Vigowski， made a 180-degree reversal in diplomacy， rejoining Warsaw， and attacking the Russian army。 Since then， Geitman has repeatedly backed alliances and joined forces， leaving a negative impression of volatility in the eyes of the international community， but the Cossacks insisted that all disgraceful means were to serve the noble independence of their own country。 Goal。 Today， Ukrainian scholars have constructed another set of nationalist narrative models， claiming that the Uzbek has a unique tradition and is not part of the unified Russia of "the same writing and the same track"。 Ukraine has a long tradition of simplicity and democracy， and the original meaning of the word Cossack is a free citizen。 In the 15th and 16th centuries， the common people of various ethnic groups who were unwilling to endure the serfdom of Eastern Europe fled to the Don River， the Volga River， and the Ural Mountains to gather into self-defense groups。 They built trenches and towers， and served as soldiers during wars。 The Turkic Hazar tribe called this group of fugitives "Cossacks"， which means free men in the local language。 In terms of descent， the fugitives and the Turks and Tatars lived together and intermarried， contaminated with the habits of the nomads， and were no longer pure Slavs。 The largest Cossack group occupies the Dnieper River basin， and its power is strong enough to stand on its own。 In 1649， Hemelnitsky established the Cossack State （Het’manshchyna）， the predecessor of the modern Ukrainian Republic。 Although it was later attached to Russia， Geitman still retained autonomy for more than 80 years， which was not completely abolished until the time of Ekaterina。 Ukraine is a free nation， and Russia is an autocratic country。 Romanov is full of careerists who seek to usurp the throne， and wise men like Peter I and Catherine the Great will pass a bloody coup when they come to power。 The Cossacks has no hereditary monarchy， nor is it an aristocratic republic。 The position of Gateman is elected， and general meetings are held regularly， and matters of all sizes are put to justice。 The Ukrainians are outspoken and despise the court politics of St。 Petersburg's intrigue。 The autocratic regime shaped the national spirit of Tsarist Russia。 In the mid-19th century， Minister of Education Sergey Uvarov dignifiedly put forward the ideological program: "Orthodox Church， autocratic system， and people's nature" as a trinity。 Moscow claims to be the Third Rome， building a spiritual fortress and resisting the "cultural invasion" of the West。 Regarding the old rituals created by the internal division of the Orthodox Church， the imperial court was not merciful， and religious persecution continued for more than two hundred years。 On the contrary， the Cossacks adopted an enlightened attitude。 When they needed the banner of religion， they allied with the Tsar and attacked Catholic Poland and Islamic Turkey。 Enlisted in Moscow。 All previous Geitmans were natural believers of Palmerston， "the country has no eternal enemies， nor eternal friends， only eternal interests。" Ukraine is not even a fully Orthodox country。 People west of the Dnieper believe in Eastern Catholicism， accept the jurisdiction of the Pope， and retain the original Orthodox etiquette and some rules （such as allowing clergy to marry）。 The most important feature that distinguishes Ukrainians from Russians is not religion or blood， but the desire for freedom。 After the Tsarist serfs fled to Ukraine， even if they were farming and clearing land， they were much more comfortable than their compatriots who stayed in their homeland。 They don't have to pay taxes， and they won't suffer from the lord's whip。 A similar phenomenon occurred in Switzerland。 For hundreds of years， the local Germans rebelled against the Habsburg dynasty of the same ethnic group and formed a unique identity。 Superficial Chinese liberals only see that Switzerland is rich and comfortable today， and believe that if the country is not as rich and powerful as the United States， then it is a good thing to be as small and rich as Switzerland。 They did not see that Switzerland has constantly fought against the monarchy since the Middle Ages and defended the country。 The tree of freedom was inevitably irrigated with the blood of patriots and tyrants。 Napoleon and Hitler did not dare to infringe on Switzerland's armed neutrality。 Liberals naively believe that the democratic trend is mighty and that the transition from autocracy to constitutionalism is an inevitable trend。 However， history shows ironclad evidence that the annexation of democratic government by the king is the norm。 The ancient Greek city-states， the Hanseatic League， and the Republic of Venice have been defeated one after another。 Only Switzerland has rarely survived。 The end of the decline of the Cossacks is not surprising， not to mention that the enemy it faces is Europe's harshest Tsarist Russia。 The bourgeoisie does not love bourgeois democracy Tsarist Russia gorged itself on its territories。 It will bear fruit in the short term， but in the long run it will have troubles。 In a modern country， if the proportion of the main ethnic group in the total population drops significantly， then ethnic conflicts will breed。 If the proportion of the population is less than half， then the regime will be in jeopardy。 The army is expanding too fast。 Thousands of ethnic minorities live in newly conquered areas。 The 1897 census showed that the Russians accounted for only 44% of the country’s population。 The Habsburg dynasty faced the same crisis and had to reform the state system， establish the Austro-Hungarian dual system， and decentralize power。 The Romanov dynasty went the other way， consolidated the monarchy， and carried forward Uvarov’s theory of the Trinity， supplemented by Russian chauvinism。 In 1881， the government of Alexander III promoted the Russian integration policy to stifle the language customs and traditional culture of ethnic minorities。 The Romanov dynasty changed from a large Slav family to a large prison for all ethnic groups。 On the other hand， the authorities promoted economic reforms， actively introduced foreign-funded enterprises， opened markets abroad， encouraged capitalists to get rich， and exchanged money for the loyalty of the people。 The Stalinists boasted that their leader turned Russia， which was holding an iron plow， into a Russia that drove cars and tractors。 In fact， the process of industrialization started very early。 Before the outbreak of World War I， Ukraine's oil production reached 2 million tons， the railway construction mileage exceeded 10，000 miles， and the GDP surged rapidly。 The population of Kiev has increased tenfold in half a century。 It is not the largest city in Ukraine。 Odessa has a population of close to 670，000 and is a commercial and financial center。 The minister of finance of the imperial Russia and the leader of the moderate constitutionalist Witte， worked in Odessa when he was young， and learned how capitalism works from here。 He later looked back on his life and said that the happiest years were in Ukraine， with family and friends and earning a lot of money。 The weather in the south is much wetter and warmer than St。 Petersburg at high latitudes。 The industrial revolution left its traces in the silver age of Russian literature。 Chekov's "Cherry Orchard" recalled the simple pastoral customs， and the arrogant and vulgar business culture overwhelmed the tranquil old days。 When the play was rehearsed for the first time， the actors shed sentimental tears unconsciously after reading the script。 Tolstoy was extremely disappointed in Western civilization in his later years， and believed that modern capitalism was nothing more than selfishness。 The Slavic intellectuals praised communal collectivism and saw the vast Russian soul in the ragged peasants。 The perseverance and gentle character of the people at the bottom impressed the writers。 According to Dostoevsky， a Russian kitchen handyman is more noble than a European gentleman。 Witte （ruling from 1892 to 1903）’s financial and commercial liberalization route， even with Stolypin （ruling from 1906 to 1911）’s policy of abolishing the commune， caused the collapse of the small peasant economy and the growth of commercial profit-seeking。 The Slavists lamented the lack of folk customs No matter how mellow， criticizing the Westernizationists for learning from European and American countries is just a handan toddler。 Jefferson and the Slavs were equally hostile to urbanization， but the starting point was exactly the opposite。 The American liberal pointed out that self-cultivation farmers are the foundation of the republican system。 Even if a farmer owns a small piece of land， he has the guarantee of survival and the right to decide his own way of life。 No one should give orders to him。 Jefferson’s biographer Pang Long further elaborated: “No matter how shabby and disrepair his farmhouse is， it is his property。 If there is no official document signed by the king’s law enforcement officer who acts in the name of the king， the king himself Don't want to step into this threshold。" What Jeffersonists saw from the peasants was not collectivism， but individualism。 The Industrial Revolution led to the polarization of the rich and the poor， producing pot-bellied rich and abject proletariat， both of which are destabilizing factors in constitutional government。 The former will manipulate elections and bribe parliamentarians; the latter will abuse votes， transform democracy into a tyranny of the majority， and stage the Jacobin terror during the French Revolution。 The political law that states that "urbanization produces a middle class， which constitutes the backbone of civil society" is quite suspicious， at least not applicable to Tsarist Russia。 The newly wealthy royalists are anti-Semitism and hate revolutionaries of all walks of life。 The authoritarian royal family at least respects private property rights， while the democratic Bakunin and Lenin want to eliminate the capitalists。 According to Qin Hui and Jin Yan’s wonderful exposition， Stolypin initiated a "top-down" revolution， took the initiative to abolish the backward land system， and built a liberal economy， so that the Westernized democrats lost their righteousness。 After the revolution in 1905， the right-wing populists established the "Russian People's Union" to retaliate against the left-wing populists to defend the sacred tsar， the church， and the motherland。 The Stolypin line created a group of Ukrainians who love the Russian Empire even more than the Russians。 They are a tame bourgeoisie with no democratic ideals。 Anatoly Sa， the founder of the Kiev branch of the "Russian People’s Union" The liberal arts is an example。 After he was elected to the Duma， he tried his best to serve the monarch。 The thunder of the official Russian integration policy was small。 Ukrainian civilians stubbornly refused to learn Russian and maintained their national characteristics。 In 1905， the publication ban was lifted， and Ukrainian popular literature ushered in an explosive growth。 About 600，000 volumes of poetry were published。 Money shows a stronger ability to assimilate and win over the upper-class elites of all races。 The third and longest-standing State Duma in St。 Petersburg （1907-1912）， 36 of the 41 winners in the Ukrainian constituency belonged to the royalist party。 In the fourth election of the State Duma， the Great Russian Party won 70% of the votes。 On the other hand， the foundation of Ukraine's establishment is unstable， and it lacks healthy and stable conservative forces。 The right wing focuses on the whole Russian chess game and regards Ukraine as only a usable pawn。 After the February Revolution in 1917， Radha （meaning a Ukrainian parliament， specifically to distinguish it from the Russian Duma） was controlled by leftists。 Chairman Simon Petriula was a copy of Kerensky， originally belonging to the center left。 However， in the context of the more radical Bolsheviks， it appeared to be "conservative and backward"。 "How Steel Is Made" degraded him as the "Petriula Bandit"， and under the attack of Paul and other Red Army fighters， the reactionary enemies got off the ground。 The particularity of Ukraine's political structure is that class differentiation and ethnic differentiation largely overlap。 In major cities， the Russians act as front-line workers， bankers and corporate managers are mostly Jewish， and local Ukrainians run independent farms。 The Cossacks gave birth to the Jeffersonian tradition of homesteading， and farmers have a spirit of autonomy。 When the tide of industrialization hit， very few business-minded people followed the trend and went to sea for business （concentrated in the sugar industry， suitable for planting sugar beets in central Ukraine）， and became business owners。 Most Ukrainians are accustomed to the farming life of "morning and cultivating waste， bringing moon and lotus to hoe home"。 If the land resources are not enough， they would rather go to the frontier to open up wasteland than to go to the city to work for others。 Only the Russians can endure the harsh conditions of the early stages of industrialization and do the most tiring work。 The ancestors of Khrushchev and Brezhnev migrated from Kursk Province in the interior of Europe and Russia， and found a job in Katrinnoslav Province， Ukraine， and became working-class workers。 Comparing the lives of farmers in the two places， in the second half of the 19th century， farmers in Yekaterinoslav Province owned an average of 25 acres of land， while farmers in Kursk Province had an average of no more than 7 acres of land， and the soil was poor。 Therefore， no matter how dirty and bitter the urban slum life is， there is still a huge temptation for the peasant children。 Unfinished founding There are two Russias in the world， one is the European Russia with grace， enlightenment and rationality， and imitating Parisian fashion; the other is the native Russia that has not been bathed in vodka， devotees to the Orthodox Church， and European style。 。。。more
Carlos B。
，